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Fourth AIAA High-Lift Prediction Workshop: Fixed-Grid Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes Summary

Carl F. Ollivier-Gooch

University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada

*Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering. Associate Fellow AIAA.

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and

James G. Coder

Pennsylvania State University, College Park, Pennsylvania 16802

†Associate Professor, Department of Aerospace Engineering. Associate Fellow AIAA.

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Published Online:17 May 2023https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C037184

Abstract

The current state-of-the-practice technology for high-lift aerodynamic simulations is to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations on a fixed grid or a refinement sequence of fixed grids. The Fixed-Grid Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes Technology Focus Group set out to determine meshing requirements and best practices, whether RANS can accurately predict the change in aerodynamic performance with changes in flap deflection, whether RANS modeling can produce accurate results near $C_{L_{\max}}$ , and the effects of underconvergence and solution strategy on computed results. Eighteen groups of participants submitted over 100 datasets. Challenges with grid convergence and iterative convergence made it impossible to definitively answer all the questions we had posed. Despite this, we can conclude that meshes with at least half a billion cells (more than one billion degrees of freedom) are required for grid convergence away from stall; that RANS simulations cannot currently be reliably used to predict aerodynamic coefficients near stall, nor changes in coefficients with changes in flap angle; that iterative underconvergence remains a significant source of uncertainty in outputs; and that solution initialization can have an important effect on solution behavior, including flow separation patterns.

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Journal of Aircraft, volume 60 issue 6 cover

Volume 60, Number 6November 2023

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Copyright © 2023 by Carl Ollivier-Gooch and James Coder. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., with permission. All requests for copying and permission to reprint should be submitted to CCC at www.copyright.com; employ the eISSN 1533-3868 to initiate your request. See also AIAA Rights and Permissions www.aiaa.org/randp.

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Received26 August 2022
Accepted7 March 2023
Published online17 May 2023

Fourth AIAA High-Lift Prediction Workshop: Fixed-Grid Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes Summary

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