No AccessRegular Article

Computational Study of Shock-Driven Multiphase Mixing in Scramjet Conditions

Jacob A. McFarland

University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211

*Assistant Professor, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, E2412 Lafferre Hall. Member AIAA.

Search for more papers by this author

and

Mark Hagenmaier

Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright–Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433

†Senior Aerospace Engineer, AFRL/RQHP, 2130 Eighth St. Senior Member AIAA.

Search for more papers by this author

Published Online:31 Jul 2018https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J056548

Abstract

Using a multiphase 3D large-eddy simulation approach, simulations were conducted to study the fundamentals of multiphase turbulent mixing in a scramjet combustor. These simulations studied the effects of particle distribution, acceleration history, and particle lag. Heterogeneous, clumped, particle distributions, as produced by fuel injector nozzles, were explored to determine the effect of particle distribution on multiphase mixing in a scramjet engine environment. The heterogeneity of the particle distributions is varied by examining different clump densities and distributions while maintaining a constant particle size distribution and mass ratio. Evaporation rates, particle lag distances, vapor mixing, and enstrophy are reported from these simulations. Overall, new-vapor production rates were found to be low, with vapor mixing being largely driven by the heterogeneity of the particle distribution. The primary finding of this work is that more heterogeneous distributions of particles produce greater mixing of the particle vapor. This enhanced mixing results from particle lag and a greater deposition of enstrophy by gradients in particle mass fraction.

References

[1] Dimotakis P. E., “Turbulent Mixing,” Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 37, No. 1, 2005, pp. 329–356. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.36.050802.122015 ARVFA3 0066-4189 Crossref Google Scholar
[2] Manna P., Behera R. and Chakraborty D., “Liquid-Fueled Strut-Based Scramjet Combustor Design: A Computational Fluid Dynamics Approach,” Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2008, pp. 274–281. doi:https://doi.org/10.2514/1.28333 JPPOEL 0748-4658 Link Google Scholar
[3] Cassidy D., Edwards J., Lin K.-C., Choi J.-I., Tian M. and Jackson T., “Numerical Simulation of Two-Phase Flow Within an Aerated Liquid Injector,” 48th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, AIAA Paper 2010-98, 2010. doi:https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2010-98 Link Google Scholar
[4] Pandey K. and Sivasakthivel T., “Recent Advances in Scramjet Fuel Injection—A Review,” International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 1, No. 4, 2010, pp. 294–301. doi:https://doi.org/10.7763/IJCEA.2010.V1.52 Crossref Google Scholar
[5] Anderson C. and Schetz J., “Performance of an Aerodynamic Ramp Fuel Injector in a Scramjet Combustor,” Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 21, No. 2, 2005, pp. 371–374. doi:https://doi.org/10.2514/1.12238 JPPOEL 0748-4658 Link Google Scholar
[6] Mathur T., Lin K.-C., Kennedy P., Gruber M., Donbar J., Jackson T. and Billig F., “Liquid JP-7 Combustion in a Scramjet Combustor,” 36th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, AIAA Paper 2000-3581, 2000. doi:https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2000-3581 Link Google Scholar
[7] Lee J., Lin K.-C. and Eklund D., “Challenges in Fuel Injection for High-Speed Propulsion Systems,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 53, No. 6, 2015, pp. 1405–1423.doi:https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J053280 AIAJAH 0001-1452 Link Google Scholar
[8] Xiao F., Dianat M. and McGuirk J. J., “Large Eddy Simulation of Liquid-Jet Primary Breakup in Air Crossflow,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 51, No. 12, 2013, pp. 2878–2893.doi:https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J052509 AIAJAH 0001-1452 Link Google Scholar
[9] Sallam K., Aalburg C., Faeth G., Lin K., Carter C. and Jackson T., “Breakup of Aerated-Liquid Jets in Supersonic Crossflows,” 42nd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, AIAA Paper 2004-970, 2004. doi:https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2004-970 Link Google Scholar
[10] Kim Y. and Hermanson J. C., “Disruption of Volatile and Nonvolatile Droplets Under Locally Supersonic Conditions,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 50, No. 8, 2012, pp. 1754–1765. doi:https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J051582 AIAJAH 0001-1452 Link Google Scholar
[11] Hsiang L.-P. and Faeth G., “Drop Deformation and Breakup due to Shock Wave and Steady Disturbances,” International Journal of Multiphase Flow, Vol. 21, No. 4, 1995, pp. 545–560. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9322(94)00095-2 IJMFBP 0301-9322 Crossref Google Scholar
[12] Balachandar S. and Eaton J. K., “Turbulent Dispersed Multiphase Flow,” Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 42, No. 1, 2010, pp. 111–133. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.010908.165243 ARVFA3 0066-4189 Crossref Google Scholar
[13] Tanaka T. and Eaton J. K., “Sub-Kolmogorov Resolution Partical Image Velocimetry Measurements of Particle-Laden Forced Turbulence,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 643, Jan. 2010, pp. 177–206. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112009992023 JFLSA7 0022-1120 Crossref Google Scholar
[14] Ranjan D., Oakley J. and Bonazza R., “Shock-Bubble Interactions,” Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 43, No. 1, 2011, pp. 117–140. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-122109-160744 ARVFA3 0066-4189 Crossref Google Scholar
[15] Haehn N., Ranjan D., Weber C., Oakley J., Rothamer D. and Bonazza R., “Reacting Shock Bubble Interaction,” Combustion and Flame, Vol. 159, No. 3, 2012, pp. 1339–1350. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.10.015 CBFMAO 0010-2180 Crossref Google Scholar
[16] McFarland J. A., Reilly D., Black W., Greenough J. A. and Ranjan D., “Modal Interactions Between a Large-Wavelength Inclined Interface and Small-Wavelength Multimode Perturbations in a Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability,” Physical Review E, Vol. 92, No. 1, 2015, Paper 013023. doi:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.92.013023 PLEEE8 1539-3755 Crossref Google Scholar
[17] Marble F., Zukoski E., Jacobs J. and Hendricks G., “Shock Enhancement and Control of Hypersonic Mixing and Combustion,” 26th Joint Propulsion Conference, AIAA Paper 1990-1981, 1990. doi:https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1990-1981 Link Google Scholar
[18] Tomkins C., Kumar S., Orlicz G. and Prestridge K., “An Experimental Investigation of Mixing Mechanisms in Shock-Accelerated Flow,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 611, Sept. 2008, pp. 131–150. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112008002723 JFLSA7 0022-1120 Crossref Google Scholar
[19] McFarland J. A., Black W. J., Dahal J. and Morgan B. E., “Computational Study of the Shock Driven Instability of a Multiphase Particle-Gas System,” Physics of Fluids, Vol. 28, No. 2, 2016, Paper 024105. doi:https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4941131 Crossref Google Scholar
[20] Vorobieff P., Anderson M., Conroy J., White R., Truman C. R. and Kumar S., “Vortex Formation in a Shock-Accelerated Gas Induced by Particle Seeding,” Physical Review Letters, Vol. 106, No. 18, 2011, Paper 184503. doi:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.184503 PRLTAO 0031-9007 Crossref Google Scholar
[21] Ukai S., Balakrishnan K. and Menon S., “On Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability in Dilute Gas-Particle Mixtures,” Physics of Fluids, Vol. 22, No. 10, 2010, Paper 104103. doi:https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3507318 Crossref Google Scholar
[22] Schulz J., Gottiparthi K. and Menon S., “Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability in Dilute Gas-Particle Mixtures with Re-Shock,” Physics of Fluids, Vol. 25, No. 11, 2013, Paper 114105. doi:https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4829761 Crossref Google Scholar
[23] Georgiadis N. J., Rizzetta D. P. and Fureby C., “Large-Eddy Simulation: Current Capabilities, Recommended Practices, and Future Research,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 48, No. 8, 2010, pp. 1772–1784. doi:https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J050232 AIAJAH 0001-1452 Link Google Scholar
[24] Boles J., Milligan R., Hagenmaier M., Carter C. and Donbar J., “Effect of Flow Distortion on Cavity-Assisted Fuel Injection,” 48th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, AIAA Paper 2012-4000, 2012. doi:https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-4000 Link Google Scholar
[25] Ladeinde F., “A Critical Review of Scramjet Combustion Simulation,” 47th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, AIAA Paper 2009-127, 2009. doi:https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2009-127 Link Google Scholar
[26] Marble F. E., “Dynamics of Dusty Gases,” Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1970, pp. 397–446. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.02.010170.002145 ARVFA3 0066-4189 Crossref Google Scholar
[27] Fryxell B., Olson K., Ricker P., Timmes F., Zingale M., Lamb D., MacNeice P., Rosner R., Truran J. and Tufo H., “FLASH: An Adaptive Mesh Hydrodynamics Code for Modeling Astrophysical Thermonuclear Flashes,” The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 131, No. 1, 2000, pp. 273–334. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/apjs.2000.131.issue-1 Crossref Google Scholar
[28] Berger M. J. and Colella P., “Local Adaptive Mesh Refinement for Shock Hydrodynamics,” Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 82, No. 1, 1989, pp. 64–84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(89)90035-1 JCTPAH 0021-9991 Crossref Google Scholar
[29] Colella P. and Woodward P. R., “The Piecewise Parabolic Method (PPM) for Gas-Dynamical Simulations,” Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 54, No. 1, 1984, pp. 174–201. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(84)90143-8 JCTPAH 0021-9991 Crossref Google Scholar
[30] Rosner R., Calder A., Dursi J., Fryxell B., Lamb D. Q., Niemeyer J. C., Olson K., Ricker P., Timmes F. X., Truran J. W. and et al., “Flash Code: Studying Astrophysical Thermonuclear Flashes,” Computing in Science & Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2000, pp. 33–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/5992.825747 Crossref Google Scholar
[31] Attal N. and Ramaprabhu P., “Numerical Investigation of a Single-Mode Chemically Reacting Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability,” Shock Waves, Vol. 25, No. 4, 2015, pp. 307–328. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00193-015-0571-6 SHWAEN 0938-1287 Crossref Google Scholar
[32] Fryxell B., Kuranz C., Drake R., Grosskopf M., Budde A., Plewa T., Hearn N., Hansen J., Miles A. and Knauer J., “The Possible Effects of Magnetic Fields on Laser Experiments of Rayleigh-Taylor Instabilities,” High Energy Density Physics, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2010, pp. 162–165. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hedp.2010.01.008 HEDPBW 1574-1818 Crossref Google Scholar
[33] Dubey A., Daley C., ZuHone J., Ricker P., Weide K. and Graziani C., “Imposing a Lagrangian Particle Framework on an Eulerian Hydrodynamics Infrastructure in FLASH,” The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 201, No. 2, 2012, p. 27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/201/2/27 Crossref Google Scholar
[34] Dahal J. and McFarland J., “A Numerical Method for Shock Driven Multiphase Flow with Evaporating Particles,” Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 344, Sept. 2017, pp. 210–233. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2017.04.074 JCTPAH 0021-9991 Crossref Google Scholar
[35] Crowe C. T., Schwarzkopf J. D., Sommerfeld M. and Tsuji Y., Multiphase Flows with Droplets and Particles, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2011, Chap. 34. Crossref Google Scholar
[36] Black W. J., Denissen N. A. and McFarland J. A., “Evaporation Effects in Shock Driven Multiphase Instabilities,” ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol. 139, No. 7, 2017, Paper 071204.doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4036162 Crossref Google Scholar
[37] Apte S., Gorokhovski M. and Moin P., “LES of Atomizing Spray with Stochastic Modeling of Secondary Breakup,” International Journal of Multiphase Flow, Vol. 29, No. 9, 2003, pp. 1503–1522. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9322(03)00111-3 IJMFBP 0301-9322 Crossref Google Scholar
[38] Schmehl R., Maier G. and Wittig S., “CFD Analysis of Fuel Atomization, Secondary Droplet Breakup and Spray Dispersion in the Premix Duct of a LPP Combustor,” ICLASS 2000: 8th International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, ILASS International, Pasadena, CA, July 2000. Google Scholar
[39] Sakakibara J., Wicker R. and Eaton J., “Measurements of the Particle-Fluid Velocity Correlation and the Extra Dissipation in a Round Jet,” International Journal of Multiphase Flow, Vol. 22, No. 5, 1996, pp. 863–881. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9322(96)00014-6 IJMFBP 0301-9322 Crossref Google Scholar
[40] Fessler J. R., Kulick J. D. and Eaton J. K., “Preferential Concentration of Heavy Particles in a Turbulent Channel Flow,” Physics of Fluids, Vol. 6, No. 11, 1994, pp. 3742–3749. doi:https://doi.org/10.1063/1.868445 Crossref Google Scholar
[41] Lin K.-C., Kennedy P. and Jackson T., “Structures of Water Jets in a Mach 1.94 Supersonic Crossflow,” 42nd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, AIAA Paper 2004-971, 2004. doi:https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2004-971 Link Google Scholar

Volume 56, Number 10October 2018

Crossmark

Information

This material is declared a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. All requests for copying and permission to reprint should be submitted to CCC at www.copyright.com; employ the ISSN 0001-1452 (print) or 1533-385X (online) to initiate your request. See also AIAA Rights and Permissions www.aiaa.org/randp.

Topics

Keywords

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to thank the Air Force Office of Scientific Research for supporting this work through the Summer Faculty Fellowship Program.

Received11 August 2017
Accepted7 May 2018
Published online31 July 2018

Computational Study of Shock-Driven Multiphase Mixing in Scramjet Conditions

Abstract

References

What's Popular

Information