No AccessFull-Length Papers

Induced-Strain Actuators for Morphing of Multi-Element Airfoils

Cody Wright

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2942-6844

Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854

*Alumni, Ph.D., Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering.

Search for more papers by this author

and

Onur Bilgen

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3452-5441

Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854

†Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; . Member AIAA (Corresponding Author).

Search for more papers by this author

Published Online:27 Nov 2024https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C037717

Abstract

A multi-objective optimization framework is developed to examine the capabilities of surface-mounted piezocomposites for camber morphing of multi-element airfoils for various sizes of aircraft. A parameterized piezocomposite-actuated airfoil concept, along with associated modeling and analysis methods, is presented for determining the static aeroelastic response of a morphing multi-element airfoil. The optimization algorithm is also presented for determining airfoil parameters for meeting an arbitrary mission objective. The optimization capability is demonstrated using a multi-element airfoil to produce high-lift control surface geometries. A model-scale prototype is designed based on the optimization and fabricated for experimental testing to validate the design framework and provide confidence for full-scale analysis. Full-scale morphing capability is examined using commercially available piezocomposite actuators for a small passenger jet, clearly quantifying the limitations of induced-strain actuation at large aerodynamic loading and Reynolds numbers. Additional design optimizations are conducted and presented with a so-called “vision” actuator that is not available today; however, it may become available in the future. It is shown that strain-induced actuation for large aircraft may become reality in the future with reasonable developments in smart materials.

References

[1] Bilgen O., Kochersberger K., Diggs E., Kurdila A., and and Inman D., “Morphing Wing Micro-Air-Vehicles via Macro-Fiber-Composite Actuators,” AIAA Paper 2007-1785, 2007. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2007-1785 Google Scholar
[2] Bilgen O., Kochersberger K. B. and Inman D. J., “Macro-Fiber Composite Actuators for a Swept Wing Unmanned Aircraft,” Aeronautical Journal, Vol. 113, No. 1144, 2009, pp. 385–395. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0001924000003055 Crossref Google Scholar
[3] Bilgen O., Kochersberger K. B., Inman D. J. and Ohanian O. J., “Macro-Fiber Composite Actuated Simply Supported Thin Airfoils,” Smart Materials and Structures, Vol. 19, No. 5, 2010, Paper 055010. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/19/5/055010 Crossref Google Scholar
[4] Bilgen O., Kochersberger K. B., Inman D. J. and Ohanian O. J., “Variable-Camber Airfoil via Macro-Fiber Composite Actuators,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 47, No. 1, 2010, pp. 303–314. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.45452 Link Google Scholar
[5] Bilgen O. and Friswell M. I., “Implementation of a Continuous-Inextensible-Surface Piezocomposite Airfoil,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 50, No. 2, 2013, pp. 508–518. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C031908 Link Google Scholar
[6] Bilgen O., Butt L. M., Day S. R., Sossi C. A., Weaver J. P., Wolek A., Mason W. H. and Inman D. J., “A Novel Unmanned Aircraft with Solid-State Control Surfaces: Analysis and Flight Demonstration,” Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2013, pp. 147–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X12459592 Crossref Google Scholar
[7] Bilgen O. and Friswell M. I., “Piezoceramic Composite Actuators for a Solid-State Variable-Camber Wing,” Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, Vol. 25, No. 7, 2014, pp. 806–817. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X13500575 Crossref Google Scholar
[8] Wright C. and Bilgen O., “A Piezocomposite Trailing-Edge for Subsonic Aircraft,” ASME 2018 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems, Vol. 51944, 2018, p. V001T04A007. https://doi.org/10.1115/smasis2018-7943 Google Scholar
[9] Wright C. and Bilgen O., “A Variable Camber Piezocomposite Trailing-Edge for Subsonic Aircraft,” ASME 2019 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems, Vol. 59131, 2019, p. V001T04A012. https://doi.org/10.1115/smasis2019-5604 Crossref Google Scholar
[10] Wright C. and Bilgen O., “Design Optimization of a Piezocomposite Morphing Multi-Element Airfoil,” ASME 2020 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems, Vol. 84027, 2020, p. V001T04A004. https://doi.org/10.1115/SMASIS2020-2210 Google Scholar
[11] Lazarus K. B., Crawley E. F. and Bohlmann J. D., “Static Aeroelastic Control Using Strain Actuated Adaptive Structures,” Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1991, pp. 386–410. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X9100200307 Crossref Google Scholar
[12] Barrett R., “Active Plate and Wing Research Using EDAP Elements,” Smart Materials and Structures, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1992, pp. 214–226. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/1/3/005 Crossref Google Scholar
[13] Barrett R., “Active Plate and Missile Wing Development Using Directionally Attached Piezoelectric Elements,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 32, No. 3, 1994, pp. 601–609. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.12027. Link Google Scholar
[14] Barrett R., Gross R. S. and Brozoski F., “Missile Flight Control Using Active Flexspar Actuators,” Smart Materials and Structures, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1996, pp. 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/5/2/002 Crossref Google Scholar
[15] Kudva J. N., “Overview of the DARPA Smart Wing Project,” Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, Vol. 15, No. 4, 2004, pp. 261–267. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X04042796 Crossref Google Scholar
[16] Ohanian O. J., III, Tomizuka M., Karni E. D., Olien C. C., Gustafson E. A., Kochersberger K. B., Gelhausen P. A. and Brown B. L., “Piezoelectric Composite Morphing Control Surfaces for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles,” Proc. SPIE, Vol. 7981, 2011, pp. 1486–1498. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.881770 Google Scholar
[17] Ohanian O., David B., Taylor S., Kochersberger K., Probst T., Gelhausen P. and Climer J., “ Piezoelectric Morphing Versus Servo-Actuated MAV Control Surfaces, Part II: Flight Testing,” AIAA Paper 2013-767, 2013. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2013-767 Link Google Scholar
[18] Bernhammer L. O., Teeuwen S. P. W., De Breuker R., van der Veen G. J. and van Solingen E., “Gust Load Alleviation of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Wing Using Variable Camber,” Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, Vol. 25, No. 7, 2014, pp. 795–805. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X13511010 Crossref Google Scholar
[19] Pankonien A., Inman D. J. and Sodano H., “Experimental Testing of Spanwise Morphing Trailing Edge Concept,” Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 8688, 2013, Paper 868815. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2009400 Crossref Google Scholar
[20] Molinari G., Quack M., Arrieta A. F., Morari M. and Ermanni P., “Design and Realization of a Compliant Adaptable Wing,” Vol. 2: Mechanics and Behavior of Active Materials; Integrated System Design and Implementation; Bioinspired Smart Materials and Systems; Energy Harvesting, 2014, p. V002T04A010. https://doi.org/10.1115/SMASIS2014-7531 Google Scholar
[21] Moosavian A., Gamble L. L., Pankonien A. M. and Inman D. J., “Bio-Inspired Coupling of Camber and Sweep in Morphing Wings,” Vol. 2: Modeling, Simulation and Control; Bio-Inspired Smart Materials and Systems; Energy Harvesting, 2016, p. V002T06A007. https://doi.org/10.1115/SMASIS2016-9096 Google Scholar
[22] Pankonien A. M., Gamble L., Faria C. and Inman D. J., “Synergistic Smart Morphing AIleron: Capabilites Identification,” AIAA Paper 2016-1570, 2016. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2016-1570 Google Scholar
[23] Chae E. J., Moosavian A., Pankonien A. M. and Inman D. J., “A Comparative Study of a Morphing Wing,” Vol. 2: Modeling, Simulation and Control of Adaptive Systems; Integrated System Design and Implementation; Structural Health Monitoring, 2017, p. V002T03A020. https://doi.org/10.1115/SMASIS2017-3833 Google Scholar
[24] Somers D. M., “ Design of a Slotted, Natural-Laminar-Flow Airfoil for Business-Jet Applications,” NASA CR-2012-217559, Langley Research Center, July 2012. Google Scholar
[25] Somers D. M., “ Design of a Slotted, Natural-Laminar-Flow Airfoil for a Transport Aircraft,” NASA CR-2019-220403, Langley Research Center, Aug. 2019. Google Scholar
[26] Kharina A., Rutherford D. and Zeinali M., “Cost Assessment of Near and Mid-Term Technologies to Improve New Aircraft Fuel Efficiency, International Council on Clean Transportation, Washington, D.C., 2016. Google Scholar
[27] Bilgen O., Friswell M. and Landman D., “Low Reynolds Number Behavior of a Solid-State Piezocomposite Variable-Camber Wing,” AIAA Paper 2013-1515, 2013. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2013-1515 Google Scholar
[28] “Mechanical APDL Vol. 19.0, ANSYS, Canonsburg, PA. Google Scholar
[29] Drela M., A User’s Guide to MSES 2.95, Massachusetts Inst. of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1996. Google Scholar
[30] Drela M., “XFOIL: An Analysis and Design System for Low Reynolds Number Airfoils,” Low Reynolds Number Aerodynamics, Lecture Notes in Engineering, edited by Mueller T. J., Vol. 54, Springer, Berlin, 1989. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84010-4_1 Crossref Google Scholar
[31] Deb K., Pratap A., Agarwal S. and Meyarivan T., “A Fast and Elitist Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm: NSGA-II,” IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2002, pp. 182–197. https://doi.org/10.1109/4235.996017 Crossref Google Scholar
[32] “Bi-Directional E-Glass, 9 Oz/Sq Yd, 38 Wide,Twill Weave—Fibre Glast,” Fibre Glast Developments Corp., https://www.fibreglast.com/product/Bi_directional_E_Glass_1094 [retrieved 4 Sept. 2024]. Google Scholar

Journal of Aircraft, volume 0 issue 0 cover

Articles in Advance

Metrics

Crossmark

Information

Copyright © 2024 by The Authors. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., with permission. All requests for copying and permission to reprint should be submitted to CCC at www.copyright.com; employ the eISSN 1533-3868 to initiate your request. See also AIAA Rights and Permissions www.aiaa.org/randp.

Topics

Keywords

Acknowledgments

This material is based upon work supported by NASA under cooperative agreement award number NNX17AJ95A. The work was performed under the University Leadership Initiative (ULI) at Rutgers University as a subcontract to the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Advanced Aerodynamic Design Center for Ultra-Efficient Commercial Vehicles.

Digital

Received26 September 2023
Accepted16 September 2024
Published online27 November 2024

Induced-Strain Actuators for Morphing of Multi-Element Airfoils

Abstract

References

What's Popular

Metrics

Information